Ecological and POPULATION DYNAMISM on Bovidae family in Golestan National Park was accomplished on the Ovis ammon arkali, Capra aegagrus, and Gazella subgutturosa by field observations and non-parametric statistics tests (such as Kruskal-Wallis and U-test). The conclusions revealed that Almeh, Darreh-Khoshk, and Dagermanly regions were similar in Urial density; and the best Urial POPULATION (namely POPULATION structure and rate of increase) is in center of park, whereas eastern POPULATIONs in park are very fragile and young (because of hunters and easy access of violators); also with study of 17 Urial carcasses became manifest that the most hunting occur by Leopard (7 cases) and then by Wolf (3 cases) but 24% of Urials be hunted by this two main hunters and remainders of mortality occur by violators and natural factors. Natality of wild Goat was similar in four regions (Chonde-Abbas, Adam-Chagheran, Dagermanly, and Toonel-Aghsou). life expectancy and generation time was 5 years, r=0.135, sex ratio was 2 male to 1 female, and moderate annual duration was 0.78; so that Wild Goat POPULATIONs in Golestan National Park with a view to generation time, annual duration and sex ratio are similar; means effects of human and natural factors on the POPULATION are similar. Gazelle's POPULATION in Golestan National Park was contained: r=0.156, generation time 3.7 year, and life expectancy in males was 0.4 year greater than females. No significant differences were between Gazelles herd. Kid's survival in autumn was less than spring season (at 95% level).

The predators Syrphidae flies form an important group of natural enemies of aphids in canola crop. These play a main role in controlling cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.). Among them a number of larve feed on aphids, while adult fly feeds feed on nectar. These flies are known as flower fly. This investigation was conducted during 2002-2004 on canolafarms of West Azerbaijan province. Aphids and syrphids larvae were collected and reared into Growth chamber of temperature in the range of 25±2°C, RH %65± 5 and 14: 10 L/D. Results indicated that six species: Episyrphlls balteatus (Degeer), Eupeodes corollae (Fabricus), Scaeva albomaclllata (Macquart), S.latimaclllata (Brunetti), S.pyrastri (Linnaeus) and Paragus compeditlls Wiedemann had been collected from aphid colony on rapeseed. As study of POPULATION DYNAMISM of species collected was carried out. E. balteatus with the highest frequency of 29/75% and 33/48% for the year 2003 and 2004 respectively, and P. compeditus with the lowest frequency of 4% and3/35%wererecoreded. Such information is useful to proper spray timing and method programming as well as to support and preserve the natural enemies in the area plantations.

The parasitoids of Anastatus acherontiae Narayanan, Subba Rao & Ramachandra bees are the parasitoid stage of the two-leaf moth, Streblote siva (Lefebvre) and the stinging butterfly egg, Acherontia atropos (L. ). The colonies of this parasitoid were composed of two-leaf mackerel eggs and were reared under a light-temperature period at 16 h at 26 ° C and 8 h at 18 ° C. The egg of A. acherontiae is elliptic and has a stem with 0. 654 ± 0. 004 mm. It has five larval instars. The average female adult insect length was 2. 678 ± 0. 014 mm. There was a significant difference between the lifespan of honey bees fed with water solution (109. 25 ± 1. 47 days) and the bees fed with water and host (21. 63 ± 0. 34 days). The developmental stage of the bee egg lasted 3. 80 ± 0. 12 days. Larval activity lasted until 25. 40 ± 0. 58 days for adult insects. The pupal stage of the bee lasted 9. 80 ± 0. 26 days. From hatching of A. acherontiae until hatching of adult wasps 37. 40 ± 0. 30 days. The average number of eggs laid was 60. 56 ± 1. 74 eggs. A. acherontiae bee in Bushehr has two to three overlapping generations per year. The activity started in early October and continued until December. The second generation of the bee parasitized the host spring in March. Overwintering occurred in the pre-hatching stage within the host egg and adult insect. Obtaining this valuable information is a step towards mass production of parasitoids and their use in bio-control programs. Anastatus acherontiae Narayanan, Subba Rao & Ramachandra is the native egg parasitoid of Streblote siva (Lefebvre) and Acherontia atropos (L. ) in Bushehr, Iran. The A. acherontiae colony was originally established in 2017 from mass eggs of S. siva. These rearing containers were placed in an incubator set at a light/temperature cycle of L16h/26° C and D8h/18° C. The body of the egg is 0. 654± 0. 004 mm and it is elipsoidal and bears a stalk. The wasp has five larval instars. The average length of the female wasp is 2. 678± 0. 014 mm. There was a significant difference between the lifespan of females fed with honey water solution (109. 25± 1. 47 days) and females provided only with water and host (21. 63± 0. 34 days). The egg development was 3. 80± 0. 12 days. Development from larva to adult was 25. 40± 0. 58 days. The pupal stage lasted 9. 80± 0. 26 days. From the oviposition of A. acherontiae to the emergence of adult was 37. 3± 0. 30 days. The mean of eggs laid was 60. 56± 1. 74. A. acherontiae was able to complete 2 to 3 overlapping generations. In early October, the adult’ s wasps appear gradually and this trend continued until December. The second generation of the parasitoid wasp appeared in March and it attacked to the host's spring generations. The overwintering was as prepupa into host egg and adult wasp. The valuable data gained on the biology and POPULATION DYNAMISM of A. acherontiae could help in developing a release strategy of this parasitoid against S. siva.

Introduction: The goitred gazelle, which is classified as a vulnerable species (VU) by IUCN has a very wide distribution across the Middle East, Pakistan, Central Asia, China and Mongolia. A few ecological studies have been conducted on some aspects of goitred gazelle, such as POPULATION dynamics, habitat selection, daily activity, and social organization. However, little is known about the POPULATION dynamics of Goitred gazelle in Iran. Among the artiodactyls in Golestan National Park, goitred gazelles have shown the most vulnerability to the poaching and increasing frequency and intensity of habitat destruction. The objective of this study was to determine the POPULATION dynamics of goitred gazelle in different areas of Golestan National Park.Materials and methods: Fieldwork was carried out in Golestan National park, Iran. The transect line sampling method was used to survey the POPULATION dynamics of goitred gazelle, during the survey at each of the 24 transects, over three visits conducted between February 2016 and July 2016. Data (number of individuals, sex and age of gazelles) were collected at each of 24 transects. To calculate the density of gazelles we used the DISTANCE 6.0 programme. Differences in the lambing rate were evaluated using the non-parametrical Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-test. All the statistical tests were performed using Minitab 15 and Ecological Methodology software.Results and discussion: Results of the density analysis showed that goitred gazelles had the largest and the smallest POPULATION sizes in Kohne Mirzabaylu and Rabat, respectively. The sex ratio varied from 1.33 to 1.86; moreover, results of the sex ratio showed that the Almeh and Soulgerd POPULATIONs had the best sex ratio. The number of middle-aged and older males was low in all gazelle POPULATIONs which means that a high proportion of females prone to fertility were unable to mate. Many management strategies offer an increase in mature males in the POPULATION which results in increases in the reproduction rate of females (Bender, 2002). Due tothe low numbers of qualified females (6 years old and older), a considerable number of females could not mate. This means the males spend more time gathering the females and warding off rival males and, consequently, the female reproduction rate decreases. Yearlings (male and female) and very old gazelles (more than 11 years old) comprised the highest and the lowest percentages of the gazelle POPULATION, respectively. The highest percentage of lambs occurred in the Soulgerd and Kohne Mirzabaylu POPULATIONs. This pattern of age class in lambs was due to high security in the vicinity of these two areas from wildlife guard stations. There was no significant difference among different areas in lambing rate. This pattern was consistent with Varasteh (2004).Conclusion: According to this study conducted on the sex and age structure, lambing rate, and density of gazelles in comparison with the past, it is quite obvious that the current trend of POPULATION dynamics is in decline and this is an alarm that indicates the need for urgent action to reduce the speed of POPULATION decline and for careful and long-term planning to management of gazelles POPULATIONs.

Present the research main purpose is examination of domestic DYNAMISM situation of Iran point OF view DYNAMISM institutions domain experts. manner of this research was survey and was question air measurement tool. descriptive. and inferential tables obtained and analysised by spss. Software after fulling of questionnaire. statistical universe of questionnaire.statistical universe of experts the research was DYNAMISM domain that it is obtained considering to cooker an formula in end of sample size equal to306 persons. In the research sampling way was simple randomly.We to conclude that many of individuals an construction of DYNAMISM to use of new production ways and they to exploit sophisticated labor force.In constructing of DYNAMISM (COD) Resulted profited of COD is important foe-them. Many of them were successes on constructing of in fants and adolescents of DYNAMISM because they are aware of address demand. many of individuals. to prefer broadcast their makes on TV, their criterions is on narration and personality for constructing of DYNAMISM of Iran may the and also innovation is standard that they to consider for creating of their works.Of their point of view DYNAMISM supply and demand market in Iran has role on DYNAMISM and appropriate quality of DYNAMISM films and good perform of DYNAMISMs on cinema can attract addresses to ward this kind of cinema works.Lateral tools (cloth play – tools – etc.) inspired of made DYNAMISMs in Iran could not many of peoples believes that existinence of specific cinemas for broadcasting of DYNAMISM can effect on growing of domestic DYNAMISM production and it can inter on cinema industry and TV with quantities and qualities development and it is reason non – successful of DYNAMISM serials of Iran in attracting of address depend on governmental centers and if production centers depend on institution private it is more success.

There are imaginative poets who have a look to nature and get astonished for their beauty and as if are observed for the first time. There are also some poets which are deeply inspired and get deeper insight by important factors of nature like color, sound and DYNAMISM. DYNAMISM is superior to the others. When poetic images are free of DYNAMISM, they are deprived of beauty thus they are no more enjoyable and eternal.

Social conflicts are among the most common problems in the world and, specially, in the Middle East.Dimensions, typologies and different phases of social conflict have many various causes in different levels. According to Belav’s definition of social structure, distribution of people in social positions based on nominal parameters causes diversity and heterogeneity and based on classification parameters produces causes inequality. The more inequality that accompanied by diversity and heterogeneity, the more conflict, particularly violent conflicts.This is more likely to happen in countries with low level of development in its different dimensions. Therefore, the level of conflict varies depending on the level of inequality, discrimination and development.In this paper an attempts has been made to examine the relationship between inequality and structural heterogeneity with conflict based by using a combination of different international data. This relation has been examined in two stages: first, among all countries of the world and then among Middle East countries.This data clearly confirms that more inequality growth accompanied with heterogeneity, more probable violent and bloody conflicts will be. This probability increases in less developed countries. Therefore, social conflicts differ according to rates and types of inequality. Furthermore, the relationship between conflicts and inequality changes in different countries.

One of the most important pest of vineyards in Iran is the Lobesia botrana Den & Schiff (Lep., Tortricidae). Damage from this pest on grapes has considerable economic importance.Currently, the most common method of control is using chemical pesticides. According to this fact that spraying of pesticides makes serious problems with health care and environment, so controlled spraying using the effective estimation of pest due to growth period by pheromones traps are the important manner in combating. In our present research, we used pheromones traps in 5 villages of Urmia city in West Azerbaijan at various heights as selected points in study. Hunted insect was counted twice in a week at the same intervals of time. Results show that this pest has three complete generations in Urmia city region. The first appearance of moths was accrued in first half of April and three moth peaks were seen in first half of May, third decade of June to first half of July and second half of August, respectively. According to the obtained results, the best time to chemical control of pest was 7-10 days after appearance of the first generation peak and for the second and third generations were 5-7 days after generations peaks are considered.

The purpose of the present paper is to identify and analyze Iran's non-fuel export DYNAMISM by using different DYNAMISM criteria from 1998 to 2002. The study is based on recent research, especially that performed by Mayer et al. (2002). The findings of the study point to the existence of almost all of the dynamic export products in Iran's total exports. However, they indicate that the export DYNAMISM is so low that their share was barely 4.2 percent in 2002. These finding can have implications for the extension of the share of non-oil exports. More specifically, considering the characteristics of export DYNAMISM, industrial upgrading, and more active participation in regional economic institutions it is of crucial significance to pay more serious attention, to international export, to remove the barriers of domestic production in order to increase dynamic product export and to enhance non-oil export.